Sport (eng. sport — game) is a component of physical culture, a means and method of physical education, a system of organizing, preparing and conducting competitions in various sets of physical exercises.
The goal of sports is to strengthen people's health and general physical development, as well as achieving high results and victories in sports competitions. The first sports competitions were held in Greece. After the establishment of the International Olympic Committee, sports began to develop very quickly. In 1896, the 1st modern Olympic Games were held.
1) All-Greek holiday and competitions in Greece (2-wheeled chariot racing, pentathlon, boxing competitions, art competition). From 776 BC to 394 AD, it was held every 4 years in the city of Olympia in honor of the god Zeus. This 4-year period was called the Olympics. The games lasted 5 days;
2) World sports competitions reminiscent of the Olympic Games of Greece. It has been held since 1896 (the 1st year of the Olympics). The procedure and rules of the Olympic Games are defined in the Olympic Charter. This charter was developed by the founder of the modern Olympic movement, French public figure Pierre de Coubertin (1863-1937). In 1894, the International Sports Congress in Paris approved the charter (the new version was adopted in 1999). The Games are organized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). At the Games, competitions are held only in Olympic sports. The Olympic sport must be determined by the charter and be the most widespread (the men's sport of the Summer Games is distributed in at least 75 countries of 4 continents and for women in at least 40 countries of 3 continents).
Heracles (lat. Hercules, Hirakles in Eastern literature) is a hero in Greek mythology, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, a simple woman. According to legends, he had incomparable strength. He performed 12 incredible feats. G. killed the Nemean lion and the many-headed Lerneian dragon, kept the boar alive, killed the witch birds of Stympholus, took the belt of Hippolyta, the queen of the Amazons, defeated and overthrew King Diomedes, etc. showed courage. He also defeated Antheus and freed Prometheus. His wife Deyanira poisoned him unknowingly. Zeus made him immortal. G. was believed in many places in Greece, and later in Italy. The legends about G. reflect the struggle of man against the terrible forces of nature. Also known as G. Hercules.
About the Olympic flag-The Olympic flag is a white cloth with the Olympic symbol (5 rings) that is flown at all Olympic Games. The traditional attribute of the Olympic Games is the Olympic torch. It is lit by the sun on the slopes of Mount Kronos in the valley of the Alpheus River, brought in a relay to the ceremonial opening of the Games, and burned in a special altar in the Olympic Stadium until the closing of the Games (16 days).
The symbol of the Olympic Games consists of five united nations representing five continents. The 5 rings are symbols of the 5 continents united in the Olympic movement. Colors in the top row: yellow - Europe, black - Africa, red - America, bottom row: yellow - Asia, green - Australia.
According to historical data, the first Olympic Games were held in 776 BC. The games were dedicated to the ancient Olympian gods, and the games were held on the ancient Olympic grounds. Centuries later, in 393 AD, the Olympic Games were suspended by order of Emperor Theodosius. The ancient Olympic Games were held in ancient Olympia, located in the western part of the Peloponnese.
According to Greek mythology, the Olympic Games were founded on the Pelops Islands. Ancient Olympia is distinguished by its beautiful nature and charm, as well as its magnificent temples and sports grounds. In the 10th century BC, Olympia was considered a place for cultural ceremonies and other religious and political events. In the central part of Olympia, the luxurious Zeus, and the temple of Geri stood on its hill. The Olympic Games were closely connected with the worship of Zeus and religious ceremonies. The silent games were held at a high level and aimed at improving relations between Greek cities. According to ancient myths, the birth of the Olympic Games is associated with the name of the demigod Heracles.
Since the 12th century, ancient Olympia has displayed agile and strong athletes who won the hearts of fans on its ancient arenas and stables. The names of the athletes were stamped in the history pages of their Olympic victories. All free men living in Greece had the right to participate in the ancient Olympic Games. General Orsippus from Megara, shepherd Polymnistus, member of the royal family from Rhodes Diagoras, Macedonian king Alexander I, philosopher Democritus - all of these were participants of the ancient Olympic Games.
The 1896 Summer Olympics (Greek: Therinoí Olympiakoí Agṓnes 1896) are the first international Olympic Games held in recent history, officially known as the First Olympic Games (Greek: Agṓnes tēs 1ēs Olympiádas), as well as Athens 1896 (Greek: Athḗna 1896). Organized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), founded by French aristocrat Pierre de Coubertin, this competition was held in Athens, Greece from April 6 to April 15, 1896.
A total of 241 athletes from 14 countries (according to the IOC, this number can be interpreted differently) participated in the first Summer Olympics (only male athletes could participate in the first Summer Olympics; the accuracy of these numbers is still disputed).[3] [2]. All the athletes who participated in the competition were Europeans or representatives of other continents living in Europe (with the exception of the United States team). More than 65% of the participants in the Olympics were Greeks. The winners of the competition were awarded silver medals at the end of the game, and the runners-up were awarded bronze medals. Later, the International Olympic Committee amended these rules and introduced gold medals for first place winners, silver medals for second place winners, and bronze medals for third place winners. Out of a total of 14 countries that sent their athletes to the competition, 10 were among the winners and prize-winners of the first Summer Olympic Games.
The question of holding the 1896 Summer Olympic Games was unanimously approved at the congress organized by Coubertin in Paris on June 23, 1894, and the International Olympic Committee was also formed for the first time during this congress, because the competition planned to be held in Greece was the first Olympic Games in the new history. The Panathenaic stadium was chosen as the main venue of the Olympics, where athletics and Greco-Roman wrestling competitions were held. Other sports were chosen, including the Neo Phaliron Velodrome for cycling and the Zappeion sports facilities for fencing. The opening ceremony of the competition took place on April 6 at the Panathenaic Stadium, where most of the participating athletes were divided into groups by nationality. After the speech of the President of the Organizing Committee - Crown Prince Constantine, his father King George I officially opened the Olympic Games. After that, a total of 150 choir singers, divided into nine groups, performed the Olympic anthem based on the words of the poet Kostis Palamas and the music of Spyridon Samaras.
There are 3 main interrelated organizational forms of sports: mass amateurism; Sports as an academic subject; high performance sports. Mass amateur sport is a condition for physical improvement of a person; it is limited according to people's age, state of health, level of physical development. Sport as an academic subject is included in military-physical training programs in all types of educational institutions and armed forces. High-performance sports create conditions for achieving the best sports performance (records), demonstrate human physical fitness, and help to implement effective means and methods of physical training into mass practice.
In the process of development, sport got out of the scope of physical education and gained independent universal cultural, political, aesthetic and economic importance. Sport serves to expand friendly international relations, develop mutual understanding and friendship between peoples. From the middle of the 19th century, professional sports began to develop in several Western countries. It is distinguished by its popularity, becoming a business and becoming a source of great income.
There are 2 main groups of sports: national sports and international sports. National sports have developed on the basis of each nation's unique lifestyle, work and recreation conditions. International sports consist of generalized systems of conducting competitions under certain conditions, which include special restrictions based on the use of uniform rules to bring the interaction of competition participants to the same order at the international level, to take into account and evaluate the results. It is not allowed to use means prohibited by the state bodies of physical education and sports management, international sports organizations in playing sports. Athletes who used stimulants, doping substances, and other means prohibited by the International Olympic Committee in order to achieve high sports performance will be excluded from competitions.
Football (English: football; foot — "leg", ball — "ball") is a sports game. The goal of the game is to put the ball into the opponent's goal. This is attempted by the goalkeeper of each team, who is allowed to touch the ball with his hand inside the penalty area near his own goal. All other players, as well as the goalkeeper who goes outside his own penalty area, are not given this right.
During the fight for the ball, it is forbidden to use force such as knocking down, hitting the opponent. If a player is in a position to hit the ball with any part of his body (usually his feet) at any time, the player is considered in possession of the ball.
Football is usually played on a rectangular field. Each team consists of 11 players (10 players and one goalkeeper). An individual soccer game is called a match, and consists of 45-minute halves each. Between the first and second halves, the teams change places.
There are also types of football that may have fewer players - including beach football (played on sand), mini football (played on a specially covered hall), neighborhood football (played on any field with any number of players).
The size of the gates is proportional to the size of the field.
Football is played as a team with a ball on a special field (90-120 x 45-90) with two gates (7.32 x 2.44 m). The weight of the soccer ball is 410-450 g, the length of the circle diameter is 68-70 cm, the main time of the game is 90 minutes (2 sections of 45 minutes, a break of 12-15 minutes).
About individual sports Tennis, launtennis (English: lawn - "meadow", "lawn"; there are several assumptions about the origin of the term tennis: French: tenez - "here, take"; English: tens - "ten", because in the Middle Ages a game similar to tennis was played played by five people, a total of ten people; English: tenia - "tie"; because the ball is played by passing the ball over a stretched string) is a sport game played between two people or two groups of two people. The diameter of the ball is 6.35-6.67 cm, weight is 56.7 g. Rackets made of wood, light metal or plastic in various sizes weigh 255-400 g. The game starts with the correct passing of the ball from the back line of the court to the opponent's court near the net. After the ball hits the court and bounces, the opponent returns it (it is not allowed to take the ball after the second bounce during the game, only from the second shot it is possible to return the ball without landing it on the court). The score in the game is 15:0, 30:0, 40:0, etc. if the score is 40:40 - "equal", the next point will be "more" for the winner, "less" for the loser. Whoever wins the point after "many" also wins the game. It is necessary to win six games (6.0...6:4) in the set, and if the score is 6:5, the game is continued. If the score is 7:5 after 12 games, the winner will be determined. If the score is 6:6, a tiebreak will be played. To win a tiebreaker, it is necessary to score 7 points, if the score remains 7:6, the game continues until one side leads by two points. The maximum number of sets in the men's game is 5, and 3 in the women's game. Tennis competitions are organized as singles, doubles and mixed (one man and one woman).
It is also believed that tennis-like games first appeared in the Egyptian city of Tinis (Tanis). This game became popular in Italy, France and England in the 13th and 14th centuries. In France, monks played a tennis-like game in groups of 5 on their palms. The first rackets were used in the game from the 16th century. The modern rules of tennis were developed by Englishman Walter Wingfield (1874). Based on these rules, the "Wimbledon" tournament (England) has been held since 1877, the US Open Championship since 1881, the "Rolland Garros" tournament (France) since 1891, and the Australian Open Championship since 1905 (nowadays these competitions are called "Grand Crown" called competitions).
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